Kaplan Nursing Entrance Practice Exam

What is the function of mitochondria?

1. To perform photosynthesis

2. To carry out aerobic respiration

3. To store genetic material

4. To synthesize proteins

The correct answer is: To carry out aerobic respiration

Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell, and their primary function is to carry out aerobic respiration. This process is essential for converting biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which cells use as a primary energy currency. Mitochondria facilitate the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids, utilizing oxygen to produce ATP while generating carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. The process of aerobic respiration occurs in several stages, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, all of which take place in different mitochondrial locations. This energy production is critical for supporting various cellular activities that require energy, such as muscle contraction, biosynthesis, and active transport. Other options describe functions of different organelles or processes. For instance, photosynthesis is a function of chloroplasts in plant cells, while storing genetic material is a role of the nucleus. Protein synthesis primarily occurs in ribosomes. Thus, while mitochondria are integral to energy production, these other options highlight functions attributed to distinct cellular structures or processes.