Kaplan Nursing Entrance Practice Exam

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What is the main purpose of translation in molecular biology?

To replicate DNA
To synthesize RNA
To produce proteins from mRNA
To degrade old proteins

The correct answer is: To produce proteins from mRNA

The main purpose of translation in molecular biology is to produce proteins from messenger RNA (mRNA). During translation, ribosomes read the sequence of the mRNA and translate it into a corresponding sequence of amino acids, ultimately forming a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein. This process is essential for expressing the genetic information carried by DNA, as proteins play critical roles in virtually every cellular function, including catalyzing reactions (as enzymes), providing structural support, and regulating biological processes. In the context of the other options, replicating DNA is a separate process known as DNA replication, which occurs during the cell cycle to ensure that genetic information is passed on during cell division. Synthesizing RNA refers to transcription, where DNA is converted into RNA, while degrading old proteins involves cellular mechanisms that maintain protein homeostasis but is not part of the translation process.